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A DD R E S S 

TO THE 



VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, 

JULY 2nd, 1869, 


BY 



COM. M. F. MAURY, LL. D., 

Prof, of Physics , Va. Military Institute. 


PUBLISHED BY REQUEST. 


RICHMOND: 

DISPATCH STEAM POWER PRESSES. 

1869. 


VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, 

LEXINGTON, VIRGINIA. 

ESTABLISHED AND SUPPORTED BY THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 

ACADEMIC STAFF. 

Gen. FRANCIS H. SMITH, A. M., 

Superintendent and Professor of Mathematics and Moral Philosophy . 

Col. JOHN T. L. PRESTON, A. M., 

Professor of Latin and English Literature. 

Col. THOMAS H. WILLIAMSON, 

Professor of Practical Engineering , Architecture , and Drawing. 

Col. WILLIAM GILHAM, A. M., 

Philip St. George Cocke — Professor of Agriculture. 

Col. ROBERT L. MADISON, M. D. 

Mercer — Professor of Animal and Vegetable Physiology applied to Agriculture. 

Col. SCOTT SHIP, 

Commandant of Cadets , Instructor of Infantry , Cavalry , and Artillery Tactics , 
and Professor of Military History and Strategy. 

Col. JAMES W. MASSIE, 

Adjunct Professor of Mathematics. 

Col. WILLIAM B. BLAIR, 

Jackson — Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy. 

Gen. G. W. C. LEE, 

Professor of Civil and Military Engineering and Applied Mechanics. 

Col. JOHN M. BROOKE, 

Professor of Practical Astronomy , Geodesy , Descriptive and Physical Geography , 
and Meteorology. 

Col. MARSHALL McDONALD, 

Professor of Geology , Mineralogy , and Metallurgy. 

Col. M. B. HARDIN 

Professor of General and Applied Chemistry. 

Col. THOMAS M. SEMMES, 

Professor of Modern Languages. 

Com. M. F. MAURY, LL. D., 

Professor of Physics and Superintendent of Physical Survey of Virginia. 


ADDRESS 


TO THE 


GRADUATING CLASS, 

VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, 



BY 



COM. M. F. MAURY, LL. D., 

Prof, of Physics , Va. Military Institute. 


PUBLISHED BY REQUEST. 




RICHMOND: 

DISPATCH STEAM POWER PRESSES. 

1869. 



ADDRESS. 


“Ye’ll try the warld soon my lad, 

And Andrew, dear, believe me, 

Ye’ll find mankind an unco’ squad, 

And muckle they may grieve ye.” 

You have requested me, gentlemen of the graduating class, to give 
you a few parting words of advice. Considering the people to which 
you belong; the Christian principles and moral virtues which have 
been instilled into you at home; the precepts that have been taught 
you here ; and the examples that have been set before you by your 
teachers and professors in the daily walks of life; I might content 
myself by simply reading the advice given by Burns to a young friend, 
from which I have snatched a couplet to attract your attention, with 
the hope that you will read it at leisure, and profit by it also. 

But you desire something fresher than that, and I agree with you 
in this; for I think that the time, the occasion, and the circumstances 
by which we are surrounded, all call for something special. 

You are about to turn over a new leaf in life’s history, and to com- 
mence, each one of you, upon a stage as wide as the world, to enact 
your part in the great drama. What that part shall be depends 
mainly upon your own choice. As to the brilliancy of the perform- 
ance, that depends not a little upon the opportunity; but for its real 
merits it will depend chiefly upon the resolves which you may write 
upon that newly-turned leaf, and upon the fidelity with which you 
may carry them out. What these resolves should be are suggested 
by the cardinal virtues and dictated by the golden rule. It is need- 
less for me to repeat them to you. 

The course of training through which you have just passed is pecu- 
liar and eminently practical. It is admirably adapted to fit you for 
the duties of life, and, like men in real earnest, you want to know 
how best to turn it to account and reap to the full all the advantages 
of it. 


4 


ADDRESS. 


First then, that you may have a proper conception of those advan- 
tages, and know exactly where you are, let me ask you, my young 
friends, what have you been doing here these three or four years? 

I fancy the answer is instinctively upon the lips of some, to be sen- 
tentiously expressed in three words: “ Finishing our education.” 

Pardon me, gentlemen, you have been no more finishing your edu- 
cation here than you have been fighting battles on dress parade. You 
have been laying the foundations for education, and so far, like those 
soldierly bearings, drills, and exercises, which have so much excited 
our admiration, and won our kindest sympathy for you, and which 
redound so much to your credit and the honor of your Alma Mater, 
your work has been done well. Your educational foundations have 
been laid broad and deep, and under the supervision and the guiding 
hand of skilful masters. They have cost you much labor, time and study, 
and unless you build upon them they will surely, in a few years, be 
like other foundations that have been neglected. They will be filled 
with the rubbish of time, and choked, as the garden of the sluggard, 
with the weeds of idleness; so that in a few years the materials — the 
very principles — and even the names of the text books and the fash- 
ion of the quarries from which you gathered them — will be lost to 
memory. This will surely happen unless you continue to work and 
to build upon what you have done here. 

What, then, some may be ready to ask, “Are our studies never to 
end? We were disposed to do with our books as Macbeth would do 
with the physic.” 

Are the labors of the husbandman at an end when he puts his 
seed into the ground? or the builders when the corner-stone of the 
house is laid? And why should you expect, after planting or placing 
corner-stones, to be exempt from the labors of superstructure, or of 
culture and tillage? Because you have laid a corner-stone of polished 
marble, is your task done? Will the superstructure grow? On the 
contrary, it is just ready for the real work. The character of your 
studies as you engage in the battle of life will be changed; but you 
will be learners still; therefore, there must be no relaxation as to in- 
tensity of application ; for whatever be the specialty you may fancy 
most, you can neither excel nor shine in your calling, or even win the 
respect of the good, unless you master it in all its details ; for remem- 
ber, that the mental activity of the world is such that all the arts, all 
the departments of human knowledge, all the avocations of human 
life, in which the forces of matter are brought to bear upon practical 


ADDRESS. 


O 


affairs, all, all are progressive. Among the industrial pursuits of man 
there is not a single calling that has not, since the elate of recorded 
history, received from the hand of progress the marks of improve- 
ment. The crow builds his nest, the beaver his dam, and the elk its 
yard, now , precisely as they did when Adam first called them by 
name. But, saving only the potter at his wheel, there is no human 
art or calling that is practiced now as it was in the days of old. The 
potter’s wheel of the present day is the potter’s wheel of Biblical 
times. The exception proves the rule. The potter’s art has im- 
proved, though his simple wheel has not; and so it is with every- 
thing — all other implements and machinery employed in the affairs of 
men, from the nail to the ship, from the pot to the steam-boiler and 
engine, show improvement and indicate progress. These improve- 
ments and this progress are simply the result of an increase of man’s 
knowledge as to the forces of nature and the properties of matter. 
That sort of knowledge is accumulating daily, for the discovery of 
every new fact in physics, the developments of every new principle in 
nature, the detection of every new property in matter, is a fresh clue 
placed in our hands. It leads into chambers of knowledge; it guides us 
through labyrinths into which our fathers could not find their way, 
and about the doors of which they groped in the dark ; but it brings 
us out into the presence of everlasting truth. What a slender thread 
was that simple fact that was first observed in the kitchen : the touch 
of a knife imparted muscular action to dead muscles. Here was a 
new fact — a clue — more attenuated than the finest gossamer; but, be- 
ing once observed, noticed, and placed in the hands of the student, 
and followed up, into what glorious chambers and splendid mansions 
of light and truth and everlasting knowledge has it not brought us? 
It has compelled the lightnings to wait on mortal man ; to go and say 
to him, “Here we are — we, the fiery-footed messengers of heaven, — 
ready to plunge through the depths of ocean, to leap over mountains, 
to fly through air, and compass sea and land to do thy bidding.” So 
it is with steam and its powers; with the polarization of light; the 
daguerreotype; the spectrum analysis; and all the great human in- 
ventions and improvements, both ancient and modern. 

So far as we know, and with the single exception of the alphabet, 
all the great inventions, discoveries and improvements, that have 
marked the progress of the human family in its march upward and 
onward, have been first suggested by nature herself, and caught up 
seemingly by chance, and when developed, they have been found to 


c 


ADDKESS. 


consist merely in the application of some physical force or other — in 
itself the most simple — to the practical affairs of life. The falling of 
an apple was a clue to the laws of gravitation. The absence of a 
single ray in the spectrum was, with its suggestions, a clue placed 
in the hands of philosophers for the first time the other day. It has 
led them into the very chambers of light, and revealed to us fresh 
cause for wonder, love, and praise towards the Author of all. 

We now begin to suspect that gravity is not the only universal 
law; that there are other forces, as well as certain material substances, 
that are cosmical ; that light and heat produce effects in the stars sim- 
ilar to the effects they produce here; that throughout the stellar 
spaces they are amenable to the same laws — so much so that a sound 
treatise on optics here would hold good in the stars also. 

We suspect that there is continuity in the universe; that certain 
forms of matter that are familiar to us, and possessing the same pro- 
perties by which they are made palpable to our senses, are present in 
the sun and stars. We know there are metals in the sun, gases in 
the stars. Solar iron and sidereal hydrogen, so far as we can apply 
tests to them, are the same there as they are here. Does it not enno- 
ble your mind, enlarge your sympathies, and elevate the soul, to re- 
flect that terrestrial substances, such as gases and metals, oxygen 
and hydrogen, silver and copper, iron and zinc, each one invested 
with the very properties by which we know it here, are present in 
the stars? that they are known to the inhabitants there for the same 
properties and by the same peculiarities by which we distinguish them ? 
The thought — “ like as when man did eat angels’ food ” — brings us 
closer to things above, and makes us disposed to exclaim involunta- 
rily, as we look aloft in the silent hours of the night and contemplate 
the stars in their glory, of a verity “ our God is their God.” 

Indeed, this little clue, the discovery and study of dark lines in 
the spectrum, has already led us into labyrinths where we hear science 
whispering, “ Behold, and reflect how earth, sun, stars, and planets, 
are bound in kindred ties. Are they not — we and they — inhabitants 
and all, linked together all in glory and for one common destiny ?” 

When those around you are achieving such conquests, and sig- 
nalizing the age in which you live by such glorious triumphs of the 
human intellect, are you, gentlemen, after having laid such firm foun- 
dations for knowledge as you have been doing here, going to fling 
away study, shut your books and your eyes to the wonders of crea- 
tion, and live in ignorance of all fresh knowledge that your contem- 


ADDRESS. 


7 


poraries in other parts of the world are gathering and recording for 
future generations ? 

The clue which Kerchoff has placed in our hands is bringing us, 
not only to know what the lights of heaven are made of, and to ac- 
quaint us with its “ husbandry,” but it is promising to tell us whether 
this or that celestial object may have physical conditions analogous to 
what we have here. 

Having laid your educational foundations under such happy auspices, 
and being about to enter upon the great battle of life, after such 
training, it is your duty to assist, each in his way, in winning those 
conquests of mind over matter which constitute the progress of the 
age, and make the improvements of the day the glory of your own 
generation. What is it but the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
that has given us our arts, our sciences, our manufactures, our com- 
forts, our luxuries, our civilization — in short, everything that raises 
us above the savage, who, by his ignorance, is degraded to the level of 
the brutes with which he herds. And from what did this increase of 
knowledge arise but from observing the operations and studying the 
laws of nature? 

The pursuit of knowledge and especially of this kind of know- 
ledge, is the noblest of all occupations that engage the energies of 
man ; it ennobles his mind and dignifies his nature. 

Cast your eye over the world, and you will see that the men who 
observe and think are few. Why? Because we are all prone to in- 
dolence. One of the thinkers of the day tells us that “An immense 
majority of men always remain in a middle state, neither very foolish 
nor very able; neither very virtuous nor very vicious; but slumber- 
ing on in a peaceful and decent mediocrity, adopting, without much 
difficulty, the current opinions of the day, making no inquiry, ex- 
citing no scandal, causing no wonder; but just holding themselves on 
a level with their generation, and noiselessly conforming to the stand- 
ard of morals and of knowledge common to the age and country 
in which they live.”* A vast majority! He means not ten, but tens 
of thousands to one. 

I take it for granted that every young man that is trained up as 
you have been, goes out into the world with aspirations for something 
higher than merely to drift down the tide of time with such as 
these. 


*Buckle. 


8 


ADDRESS. 


“Are we, then,” you may ask, “to devote our lives mainly to phy- 
sical research, and to the observation and study of nature? her laws?” 
By no means. Every one of you will probably adopt some calling 
or other. It may be in the arts, it may be in literature, it may be in 
the humanities, or it may be in some branch of the applied sciences. 
But, be the specialty what it may, your first aim is to master the call- 
ing, striving so to acquit yourself .in it as to win the confidence and 
esteem of all with whom it may bring you in contact. But no one 
calling satisfies the cravings of the truly noble mind. You are mem- 
bers of society ; you owe duties to it, and will possess influence upon 
it — some more — some less. But every one will have, nay, you al- 
ready have, influence with some members of it — powerful for good or 
for evil. Let it be a rule always to use that influence for good. 

But there is time for all this, and to spare. To keep the mind 
vigorous, healthful, and strong, the different faculties — the different 
apartments of the brain — like the different muscles of the body, re- 
quire frequently to be brought into play and exercised, that they may 
be strengthened. Therefore give now and then a moment of relaxa- 
tion from the stern duties of life, to observation and contemplation of 
such features of God’s handiwork as may be most congenial to your 
tastes, aspirations and fancies. If you have a fancy for literature, 
poetry, or the fine arts, cultivate it. It is a gift, and, therefore, not, 
without irreverence, to be despised or neglected. Take care, gentle- 
men; these gifts and advantages of yours are as money lent you, to be 
put out on usury. They are precious talents, and are not to be buried 
in a napkin. 

Strive, also, to cultivate at least some one of the departments of 
physical science — not as a smatterer, nor, necessarily, as an expert,, 
but master it sufficiently to understand its principles and to find com- 
panionship among its phenomena. 

I know of no mental habit more worthy of zealous cultivation than 
the habit of close and attentive observation. Man, you know, more 
than any other creature, has the faculty of observing and remember- 
ing, of collecting and comparing, and of drawing conclusions by the 
lights of reason. Now, remember, that it is chiefly by bringing these 
powers and attributes to bear upon the facts and phenomena of nature 
that the world has been brought from the rude condition of ancient 
days to its present advanced state of industrial energy and material 
prosperity. Remember, that to observe nature does not require those 
rare powers that the young, especially, are apt to fancy. All of us,. 


ADDRESS. 


9 


each in his way, are observers of nature; and it is the faculty of no- 
ticing what comes under the eye, and of striving, each in his own 
way, to trace etfect back to cause, that I am advising you to cultivate 
and nourish until it ripens into habit. 

You remember it was the fact, familiar toothers, no doubt, but first 
noticed by a pump-maker, that led to the invention of the barometer, 
an instrument which now daily and hourly saves ships and their 
crews, merchants and their fortunes, from wreck and disaster. 

The whole science of electricity has grown out of a fact first noticed 
in the kitchen. 

A traveler bought a writing desk in England, brought it to this 
country, and observed that it soon began to warp, crack, and split. 
That fact led to the discovery of a most important meteorological 
circumstance, viz: — that the climate of America is dryer than the 
climate of England. 

And so with many other discoveries — as the aberration of light — 
by noticing that the wind-vane on board a vessel under sail pointed 
differently the moment she anchored. 

Every physical fact, by whomsoever observed, is, when placed in 
its true connections, a discovery, an invention ; and all such facts are 
like the sheaf of magic wheat — the more it is threshed the more it 
yields. 

Here let me remind you that I do not wish you to infer too much. 
In citing these examples, and urging you on to observation and study, 
I do not wish you to understand that I am holding them up to you 
as the chief incentive why you should observe and study the pheno- 
mena of nature. Far from it. The chief incentive which I wish* to 
hold out to you for the study is, the idea that it will certainly make 
you wiser and better men, and may make you benefactors, if not of 
the world, at least of your own people. What you are to observe is 
the work of God — a writing traced by holy fingers, and spread out 
before you by omnipotent hands, with gems and precious stones, for 
your good, your enjoyment and your delight. The pleasures and the 
profit which the fondest student of history, or the most devoted ad- 
mirer of romance, of song, or of story, or the greatest lover of music 
derives from reveling in his specialty, is not to be envied for a mo- 
ment by the observing student of nature as he pores over this great 
and mighty tome, which the Creator has garnished with the stars 
above, spread out in the air, suspended in the trees, written upon the 
landscape, engraved upon the rock, and buried in the earth. 


10 


ADDRESS. 


As an example, you have learned here the properties of light, and 
placed the knowledge in your educational corner-stone. Light, heat, 
and sound, you remember, arc all impressed upon our senses in the 
same way. Color is conveyed to the eye by the vibrations, just as 
music is to the ear. But the organs of the human ear are so ordered 
that it cannot comprehend color any more than the eye can see sound. 
Nevertheless, your right-minded observer of nature may, whenever, 
with his mental eye, he looks aloft in contemplation, hear over again 
the song which the morning stars first sang together, or at this sea- 
son, when he takes his solitary walk among the beautiful hills and 
lovely landscapes that surround us, he may not only feast his natural 
eye among the exquisite flowers which deck the rocks and festoon the 
clitfs, but his mental eye can enjoy a feast also of the most exquisite 
relish. 

Light as well -as sound has its gamut. The high notes comprise 
the violet end of the spectrum; the red end forms the base; and 
though the human ear may not catch the songs that the rose and the 
lily and the violet sing the livelong day, they may, for aught we 
know, be to the humming-bird, the butterfly, and the bee, music more 
enchanting than that which Prospero’s Ariel sang to the shipwrecked 
mariners. 

Surely the habit of observing nature as she is displayed in this 
beautiful world and its surroundings, whether in its flora or its fauna ; 
in its organic or inorganic kingdoms ; where all is order, harmony, 
and design, must be among the most pleasurable sources of intellec- 
tual enjoyment. 

The perception of order in nature, without weariness of mind, is 
said to be the highest of intellectual pleasures. Aspire to it. Your 
training here has taught you to comprehend the invisible as well as 
the visible in nature ; to picture with the eye of the mind operations, 
forces, and processes, which entirely elude the naked eye; to look at 
the very atoms of matter in motion and at rest; to follow them forth, 
without losing sight of them, into the world of the senses, and to see 
and to hear them there, expressing themselves in the phenomena of 
nature and with unutterable accord.* 

Thus the harmonies of nature and the contemplation of the phe- 
nomena displayed by her is the true secret of those charms which 


*Tyndall on sound. 


ADDRESS. 


II 


sages find in solitude; and they are as much within the reach of the 
humblest among us as they are within the reach of the most powerful. 

Therefore, take up, let me entreat you, for observation and study in 
your leisure moments, some one branch of the physical sciences. You 
will find it a never-failing source of pleasure and enjoyment. 

Always keep in reserve points of inquiry relating to it upon which 
you desire information. The practice begets habits of inquiry, and 
fosters the observing faculties. 

Now why, the thought may have arisen in the minds of some, do I 
lay such stress upon the development of intellectual faculties and the 
cultivation of love for physical science, and say so little about the 
practice of moral virtues and Christian graces? 

Are you not heirs of the lost cause, with its noble examples 
and Christian memories? Its traditions make us very proud. Are 
you not sons of the Sunny South? Do you not now, in the day of 
your youth, tread the soil of Virginia, breathe her atmosphere, and 
drink at the fountains from which the bravest of men and noblest of 
women have drawn inspiration? In them you have examples of the 
most heroic fortitude and of the gentlest graces that ever arrayed 
themselves on the side of right. They are trumpet-tongued. Their 
silent teachings are far more effective, with their mute eloquence, than 
my poor powers of speech can make them. Treasure them up. They 
are a precious legacy — heirlooms of inestimable value in the eyes of 
every true man among us ! 




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AJ3SISTAJNTT PROFESSOES. 

Col. JOHN W. LYELL, ' 

Assistant Professor of Mathematics. 

Capt. O. C. HENDERSON, 

Assistant Professor of French Language. 

Capt. J. H. MORRISON, 

Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology. 

Capt. ALFRED MARSHALL, 

Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Tactics. 

Lieut. WM. M. PATTON, 

Assistant Professor of. Latin. 

Capt. PATRICK HENRY, 

Assistant Professor of Languages. 

Lieut. R. H. COUSINS. 

Assistant Professor of Mathematics. 

Capt. WM. B. PRITCHARD, 

Assistant Professor of Geography , Tactics, and Drawing. 

Lieut. J. H. WADDELL, 

Assistant Professor of Drawing, etc. 

Capt. W. H. BUTLER, 

Assistant Professor of Mineralogy, Latin, and Tactics. 


MILITARY STAFF. 

Capt. R. HENRY CAMPBELL, 

Quartermaster and Treasurer. 

Col. ROBERT L. MADISON, M. D., 

Surgeon. 

HOWARD T. BARTON, M. D., 

Assistant Surgeon. 

Capt. JOHN T. GIBBS, 

Commissary and Steward. • 

Capt. C. A. ELLETT, 

Adjutant. 




o 019 889 104 6 


SYSTEM OF INSTRUCTION AND GOVERNMENT 


The System af Instruction and Government in the Virginia Military Institute is distinctive 
and is founded upon that of the United States Military Academy at West Point. 

As soon as a young man enters the Institution, it assumes over him an entire control, am 
not only directs his moral and intellectual education, but provides everything required for hi; 
personal wants or comfort. A Cadet may, if his parents desire it, remain in charge of the In 
stitution, for the entire term of four years, as the system of government keeps it always ii 
operation. The months of July and August, in each year, are devoted exclusively to Military 
Exercises. Furloughs are granted to those who may desire it, in turn, during this period. Tin 
Cadets are lodged and hoarded in the Institution, their Clothing , Books, and other supplies, be 
ing provided by the Quartermaster of the Institute at cost. The sick are under the specia 
care of the Surgeon, with Hospital and other facilities for nursing. 

The energy, system, subordination, and self reliance which the military government of the In 
stitute cultivates, give & practical character to the education which it supplies. The high repu 
tation which its Alumni have established for the School is the evidence of its value. 

Attendance at Church and Bible instruction is prescribed for each Sabbath. 


DEGREES. 

A Diploma signed by the Governor of Virginia, and by the Visitors and Faculty, isawarde( 
to all Cadets who may pass approved examinations on all the studies of the Academic School 
with the title of “ Graduate of the Virginia Military Institute.''’ A like Diploma is awarded t< 
all who may complete the course prescribed for either of the Special Schools of Applied Science 
with the title of “ Graduate” in such school. 


ESTIMATED EXPENSES FOR TWELVE MONTHS 


Tuition $100 00 

Board, $15.00 Per month ISO 00 

Washing, $1.00 per month 24 00 

Fuel and Lights, $3.00 per month 36 00 

Surgeon’s Fee 10 00 


Estimated College Expenses for twelve months $350 00 

Estimated Annual Cost for Clothing and Incidentals Supplied at the Ins... 150 00 


Total Expenses, including Clothing $500 00 


This estimate is regarded as sufficient, but as Cadets differ much in the wear and tear o 
clothing, and in the care they take of it, the Institute does not bind itself that this estimati 
shall not be exceeded. It does bind itself to control, by all proper means, the expenses, anc 
the average does not exceed the estimate. 

When a Cadet leaves the Institute before the expiration of the year, the Tuition fee ant 
Surgeon’s fee are required to be paid for the whole year. A ratable deduction is made on all othei 
charges. As the estimate includes clothing, the issues for the whole year are usually rnadt 
within the first six months. 

Deposits are made with the Treasurer semi-annually, in advance. The quarterly Circular! 
give a statement of the current expenses of each Cadet, 

Pocket money is allowed, at the discretion of the parent, not exceeding $5.00 per month 
for which a special deposit must be made with the Treasurer. 

As the Cadets wear a prescribed Uniform, it is only necessary to bring a full supply ol 
under Clothing, with Shoes, Towels, and Bedding , or these articles may be obtained at the 
Quartermaster’s store at cost. 

The Virginia Military Institute is prosecuting, under the general superintendence of Com 
M. F. Maury, LL. D., a Physical Survey of Virginia, in which great State work, Gen. G. W. C 
Lee, Col. J. M. Brooke, and Col. M. McDonald, will be associated with Commodore Maury. This 
work will afford an appropriate pi-actical field of instruction for the Students of the School o! 
Applied Science, and the Alumni of the Institute and the Board of Visitors earnestly ask the 
co-operation of the people of Virginia in this effort to prepare an accurate geographical map ol 
Virginia, including its physical history. 

For further information address the undersigned, 








FRANCIS II. SMITH, Supt 


